India's history and culture is ancient and dynamic, spanning back to the beginning of human civilization. Beginning with a mysterious culture along the Indus River and in farming communities in the southern lands of India.
It is said that the ancient name of india was sindhusthan which was named after the river sindhu but after the arrival of so many foreigners to India it firstly became Hindustan and afterwards it became industan which later became india.
The History of India begins with the birth of the Indus Valley Civilization in such sites as Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa, and Lothal, and the coming of the Aryans. These two phases are usually described as the pre-Vedic and Vedic perio ds. It is in the Vedic period that Hinduism first arose: this is the time to which the Vedas are dated.
The country was influenced by many invasions, the Arya or Aryans (1500BC) as they are known today, are the first invaders. Aryans were a group of nomadic tribes who had originally inhabited the steppes of Central Asia, in particular the region between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea. Tall, fair haired, with clear cut features, they spoke a group of languages which have become known as Indo-European. They settled in the region to the north west of India, known as the Punjab. They brought with them new ideas, new technology and new gods, this is one of the most important epochs in Indian history. With time, the Aryans were engaged in struggle with the dark skinned people or Dasyus. The Dasyus were the Dravidians. The superiority of the Aryans resulted in the Dravidian submission.
The Aryans were semi-nomadic Nordic Whites, perhaps located originally on the steppes of southern Russia and Central Asia, who spoke the parent language of the various Indo-European languages.
Latin, Greek, Hittite, Sanskrit, French, German, Latvian, English, Spanish, Russian etc. are all Indo-European languages; Indo-European, or more properly Proto-Indo-European (PIE), is the lost ancestral language from which those languages ultimately derive. The "Proto" indicates that the grammar and vocabulary of this long extinct language, probably spoken up until 3000 BC, are a hypothetical reconstruction by modern philologists. Just as Romance languages like Italian and Spanish derive from Latin, so Latin derives from PIE.
Indo-European philology traditionally used "Aryan" both to denote a people, understood racially or ethnically, and the language group itself ("Aryan speech"), irrespective of the race or ethnicity of the people speaking its various branches. In the wake of National Socialist Germany's defeat, the term fell out of general scholarly use in both senses, and "Indo-European" (IE) became the preferred designation of the language group, "Indo-Europeans" of both the people who occupied the original Aryan homeland and their descendants, who gradually spread out across Europe, much of the Indian sub-continent, and parts of the Near East. Racial nationalists are not, of course, obliged to adopt the timid PC-lexicon of contemporary scholarship, but we should be aware of imprecision of "Aryan" as a racial or ethnic classification.
Arya, meaning "noble," appears in various Indo-European languages. Its plural form (Aryas="nobles") was probably the name the Aryans used to describe themselves prior to their dispersal, and it may survive in Eire (Ireland) and certainly survives in Iran (Airyanam vaejo="realm of the Aryans"). The discovery of thousands of such cognate words in widely separated languages, along with similar grammatical structures, led philologists to conclude, early in the nineteenth century, that most European languages had evolved from a common proto-language spoken millennia ago by a distinct people who gradually left their original homeland in a series of migrations, carrying their language with them.
Traditionally Greek, Latin and Sanskrit were considered the closest languages to PIE, and much of the reconstructed Aryan proto-language is based on them. Modern Lithuanian, however, is the most archaic living language, closer to the original Aryan speech than any other. There is even an IE language, Tocharian, attested in Chinese Turkestan, which indicates that Aryans must have made an appearance in the Far East, a long-standing piece of linguistic evidence which has been recently confirmed by the discovery of the physical remains of a blond-haired people in China.
Showing posts with label General Knowledge. Show all posts
Showing posts with label General Knowledge. Show all posts
Friday, March 4, 2011
Some books and their writers in ancient India
Kavirahasya – Halayuddha
Kavyamimansa- Rajshekhar
Kavyadarsha – Dandi
Kaumadimahotsava- Vijjika
Kiratarjuniya- Bharvi
Kumarpal charita – Hemchandra
Khandankhandakhad- Shreeharsh.
Geetigovind- Jaidev
Chandishatak – Banbhatt
Chaturvargasangraha- Kshemndra
Champuramayan – Bhoj raj
Jatakmala- Aryashoor
Jambatijai- Paninni
Daridracharudutta- Bhas
Dushkumarcharitra (gadhya)– Dandi
Dashavtarcharitra (Kavya)- Kshemendra
Dootghatotkatch – Bhas
DootVakya- Bhas
Devichandragupta-Vishakhadutta
Deshopdesh – Kshemendra
Nagananda- Harshvardhan
Nitishatak- Bhartahari
Naishdhayicharita- Shreeharsh
Nyaybhashya- Vatsyayan
Panchtantra- Vishnu sharna
Panchratra- Bhas
Priyadarshika- Harshvarshan
Budhhucharita – Ashwaghosh
Kavyamimansa- Rajshekhar
Kavyadarsha – Dandi
Kaumadimahotsava- Vijjika
Kiratarjuniya- Bharvi
Kumarpal charita – Hemchandra
Khandankhandakhad- Shreeharsh.
Geetigovind- Jaidev
Chandishatak – Banbhatt
Chaturvargasangraha- Kshemndra
Champuramayan – Bhoj raj
Jatakmala- Aryashoor
Jambatijai- Paninni
Daridracharudutta- Bhas
Dushkumarcharitra (gadhya)– Dandi
Dashavtarcharitra (Kavya)- Kshemendra
Dootghatotkatch – Bhas
DootVakya- Bhas
Devichandragupta-Vishakhadutta
Deshopdesh – Kshemendra
Nagananda- Harshvardhan
Nitishatak- Bhartahari
Naishdhayicharita- Shreeharsh
Nyaybhashya- Vatsyayan
Panchtantra- Vishnu sharna
Panchratra- Bhas
Priyadarshika- Harshvarshan
Budhhucharita – Ashwaghosh
Thursday, January 6, 2011
Himalyas
Himalayas
The Himalayas are the highest mountain range in the world. Over 30 peaks in the Himalayas are over 24,000 ft/7315m high.
The Himalayas, literally translated as 'Land of Snow'Himalyas are called the king of mountains. The Himalyas has religious story also . People believe that Lord shiva lives in the HImalyas there is an interesting story also about it .
A story goes that there were once two sages, Nara and Narayana. They meditated for long years in the Himalayas. Lord Siva was impressed by their dedication, and after many years, came along to meet them. As the two sages sat awed by his very presence, the Lord said he was so happy that he would grant them a boon. The sages asked that the Lord might rest on these mountains forever. Since then the Jyotirlinga or the symbol of Saivite worship, installed itself at a place called Kedarnath and people from all over the world visit it to catch a glimpse of Shiva’s (also spelt as Shiv, Siva or Shiva) essence.
this is a believe that in old time saint rishis used to go to HImalyas for tapsya and to get salvation . It is also said that a person who goes to Himalyas and does meditation here gets the suprme knowledge and get rid of all the bond on earth . He gets the salvation and does not take the next birth
Some of the world's major rivers, the Ganges, Indus, Brahmaputra, Yangtze, Mekong, Salween, Red River (Asia), Xunjiang, Chao Phraya, Irrawaddy River, Amu Darya, Syr Darya, Tarim River and Yellow River, rise in the Himalayas, and their combined drainage basin is home to some 3 billion people (almost half of Earth's population) in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, People's Republic of China, India, Nepal, Burma, Cambodia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia and Pakistan.Principle Himalayan Rivers:-
The Ganges:- Ganges, the most pious Indian river rises in the western Himalayas, in Uttaranchal state. The 2510 km long Ganga river originates from Gangotri near Devprayag. It is one of the major river of India that flows in the east direction from the Gangetic plain of Northern India and later on enters into the Bangladesh through Sunderban delta and drains out into Bay of Bengal. The depth of the Ganges river varies from place to place. The maximum depth is of 100 feet and the average depth is of 52 feet. Most of the northern Indian cities are established on the bank of this mighty river such as Haridwar, Rishikesh, Allahabad, Kashi and Varanasi etc.
Brahmaputra River :- The Brahmaputra which literally means the “son of Lord Brahma” originates from the slopes of Kailash in western Tibet near the vicinity of the holy lake of Mansarovar. It enters into India through the North eastern state of Arunachal Pradesh after traversing across the high-altitude Tibetan plateau as Tsangpo river. In Auranchal Pradesh, it enters by the name of Dihong but later on it meets with Dibang and Lohit river just beyond Pasighat, and finally emerged as Brahmaputra river. In Assam, it flows in the southwest direction and enters into Bangladesh as Jamuna river. Here, it meets with the Ganges river and again splits as Hugli and Padma river. When it merges with the Ganges river it forms the world's largest delta as Sunderbans. The average depth of Brahmaputra river is 124 feet and its maximum depth is 380 feet. The 1800miles long route of Brahmaputra is the main source of irrigation and transportation in India.
Indus river:- This is another principle river that originates form the north of Lake Mansarovar, in the Tibetan plateau. It flows through the Ladakh district of Indian state Jammu and Kashmir before entering to Pakistan. It is regraded as the lifeline of Pakistan. It merges into the Arabian sea near Karachi, the Port city of Pakistan. The total length of Indus river is 3,180 kilometres (1,976 miles) and together with Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, Sutlej and extinct Saraswati river, Indus creates Sapta Sindhu delta in Pakistan's Sindh province. The water level of this river diminishes in winter but increases during the monsoon time from July to September.
Secondary Himalayan Rivers:-
Jhelum river:- This river is one of the tributary of the Indus river and flows partly in India and partly in Pakistan. A spring at Verinag that is located at the foot of the Pir Panjal in the South eastern part of the Kashmir valley is the origin of the Jhelum river. In India, it flows through Srinagar and the Wular lake before entering into the Punjab province of Pakistan. It travels a route of 480 miles.
Chenab river:- Chenab river is the largest river in Himachal Pradesh in terms of volume of water and flows here for 122km. It is formed at Tandi at a height of 2,286 m due to the assemblage of Chandra and Bhaga rivers. Tandi is nestled in the Upper Himalayas of Lahaul- Spiti district of Himachal Pradesh. At its initial stage, Chenab is also called as Chandra Bhaga. Although, Chenab originates in Himachal Pradesh, it also flows through the Jammu valley of Jammu and Kashmir and plains of Punjab before entering into Pakistan. Chenab river has a total length of 960 km, out of which 7,500 sq. km of catchment area lies in Himachal Pradesh. It meets some other Himalayan rivers during its journey such as Jhelum, Ravi, Sutlej and Beas.
Ravi river:-Flowing through both India and Pakistan, river Ravi originates at Chamba district in Himachal Pradesh. At its starting phase, it flows through north-west direction and changes to south-west near Dalhousie after than it enters to the plains of Punjab state near Pathankot. After entering to Pakistan, it joins to the Chenab river. It has a total length of 720 km. The famous city of Pakistan, Lahore is located on the eastern bank of Ravi river.
Beas river:- River Beas starts its journey at the Rohtang pass in Himachal Pradesh and flows for 470km before merging with Sutlej river at Harike Pattan, in the Ferozpur district of Punjab in India. After than, it enters into Pakistan and falls into the Arabian sea. Beas river travels a total length of 460 km out of which 256 km in Himachal Pradesh only. Manali, one of the picturesque hill station of northern India situated on the right side of this river.
Satluj river:- Satluj river, often known as the Red river, is the longest river among the five rivers that flows through Punjab and Pakistan. It originates from the Lake Rakshastal in Tibet near Mount Kailas. It flows in west and south-west direction and enters into India through the Shipki La pass in Himachal Pradesh. It travels a route of 320km in Himachal Pradesh. Its tributaries are the Spiti, the Ropa, the Taiti, the Kashang, the Mulgaon, the Yula, the Wanger, the Throng and the Rupi as right bank tributaries, whereas the Tirung, the Gayathing, the Baspa, the Duling and the Soldang are left bank tributaries. It enters to Punjab state at Bhakhra where the famous Bhakhra dam is created. After entering to Pakistan it merges with the Indus river. The total length of Satluj river is 1,448km.
Yamuna river:- This is the major tributary river of Ganges. It originates from Yamunotri in the lap of Himalayas in Uttaranchal state. Yamuna river flows in a southerly direction through the Himalayan foothills. With a total length of 1, 370 km, it flows through Delhi, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh before mixing with the river Ganges at Allahabad. The major tributaries of Yamuna river are Tons, Chambal, Betwa and Kon. One of the finest monument of Mughal era, the Taj Mahal is located on the bank of River Yamuna.
Highest mountain peak in HimalyaMount Everest
Mount Everest is the highest peak in the world. It rises to a height of 8,850m (29,035) above sea level. It is one of the mountains in the Himalayan range. Covering the frontiers of Tibet and Nepal, north of India. The mountain is named after Sir George Everest, who was a British surveyor-general of India. It is known by different names in different regions like Sagarmatha in Nepal and Quomolongma in Tibet. The latitude of Mount Everest is 27 59 17 N and Longitude is 86 55 31 E. In Sanskrit Himalayas mean, "abode of snow". The mountain is totally covered with snow. The height of the mountain varies depending on the amount of snowfall on its peak.
Karakoram
K2 is also known as Austin Godwin, named after an English photographer who explored the region. Locally it is known as "Chogo Ri", meaning "The Great Mountain". It is the second highest mountain peak in the world with a height of 8,611m or 28,250ft.
Kanchenjunga
Kanchenjunga is the third highest mountain peak of the world. It covers around 7000 sq km on the Sikkim and Nepal border. The word Kanchenjunga means "The Five Treasures of the Snow" in the local language, referring to its five summits, which are all over 8,000 meters. It is located at Latitude 27° 42' 9'' and Longitude 88° 9' 1 '. Kanchenjunga has an altitude of 8, 586m or 28, 169 feet, making it the world's third highest peak. It has five peaks of which the highest peak is 8,586m or 28,169 feet. It has still remained unexplored in spite of several attempts. According to Sir John Hunt, who climbed the peak of Everest with Sir edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norkey, has said Kanchenjunga is a more dangerous and hard to explore, than the Mount Everest itself. It is also known by different names like "Kachendzonga", "Kangchen Dzö-nga", and "Kangchanfanga".
Nanga Parbat
Nanga Parbat or naked mountain is another important peak of the Himalayan range. According to sources it is the ninth highest mountain in the world. It is located in regions of Baldistan, Korakoram Range, Gilgit, Pakistan. Nanga Parbat has a height of 8,126m or 26,660 ft. The mountain has such sharp edges that it cannot hold much of snow. That's the reason the mountain peaks have an unclad appearance. It has three faces, the Rahikot, Diamir and rupal. It is considered a very dangerous mountain because of the tragedies, which took place earlier. It is located at Longitude 74.35 and Latitude 35.10.
Annapurna
Among the other famous peaks of the Himalayas the Annapurna range is a very important Himalayan range. It is located in central Nepal Himalayas with an altitude of 8,091m. It ranks 10th highest mountain in the world. The Annapurna range stretches from west to east consisting of the following major peaks of the range:
Annapurna South Face: altitude: 7,219m,
Gang: altitude: 7,647m,
Gangapurna: altitude: 7,455m,
Annapurna III: altitude: 7,555m,
Annapurna IV: altitude: 7,525m and
Annapurna II: altitude: 7,937m.
Annapurna I altitude: 8,091 m.
It is located to the east of a great gorge that cuts through the Himalayas by the Kali Gandaki river, on its western and northwestern slopes it has glaciers, which drain into this gorge. Annapurna has many high peaks but the two highest peaks are Annapurna I and Annapurna II, at the western and eastern ends.
Manaslu
Manaslu, is located in Nepal about forty miles east of Annapurna with an altitude of 8,156m. It is the 8th highest mountain in the world. Manaslu is the highest peak of the Gurkha plateau. The name Manaslu is taken from a Sanskrit word "Manasa" which means "Mountain of the Spirit". It is located at longitude 84.33 and latitude 28.33. Other than the Manaslu the other high peaks of the Gurkha plateau are as follows:
Manaslu North altitude: 7,154 m.
Dakura altitude: 7,837 m.
Himal Chuli altitude: 7,864 m.
Manaslu East altitude: 7,894 m.
Dhaulagiri Mountain
It is located in the Eastern Nepal, Nepal and Tibet border with an altitude of 8,201m, is the 7th highest mountain in the world. Dhaulagiri means "white mountain". It is the highest mountain located entirely within Nepal. The peak stretches for 30 miles consisting of sharp ridges, icefalls, and glaciers. Along the main peak, several other pyramid-shaped peaks rise. Four of these peaks, from east to west, rise above 25,000 feet. It is located at longitude 83.30 and latitude 28.42.
Lhotse
Lhotse is the fourth highest peak in the Himalayan range. It is located in the China and Nepal border with an altitude of 8,516m. The peak stretches from east to west, which is located south of Mount Everest. South Col, a vertical ridge connects the peaks of the two mountains, which is never below 8, 000m. Other than the main peak of the Lhotse there are two other peaks like Lhotse Shar, which is located east of the main peak, and Nuptse, which is on the mountain's west ridge. It is located at longitude 86.56.03 and latitude 27.57.45.
The Himalayas are the highest mountain range in the world. Over 30 peaks in the Himalayas are over 24,000 ft/7315m high.
The Himalayas, literally translated as 'Land of Snow'Himalyas are called the king of mountains. The Himalyas has religious story also . People believe that Lord shiva lives in the HImalyas there is an interesting story also about it .
A story goes that there were once two sages, Nara and Narayana. They meditated for long years in the Himalayas. Lord Siva was impressed by their dedication, and after many years, came along to meet them. As the two sages sat awed by his very presence, the Lord said he was so happy that he would grant them a boon. The sages asked that the Lord might rest on these mountains forever. Since then the Jyotirlinga or the symbol of Saivite worship, installed itself at a place called Kedarnath and people from all over the world visit it to catch a glimpse of Shiva’s (also spelt as Shiv, Siva or Shiva) essence.
this is a believe that in old time saint rishis used to go to HImalyas for tapsya and to get salvation . It is also said that a person who goes to Himalyas and does meditation here gets the suprme knowledge and get rid of all the bond on earth . He gets the salvation and does not take the next birth
Some of the world's major rivers, the Ganges, Indus, Brahmaputra, Yangtze, Mekong, Salween, Red River (Asia), Xunjiang, Chao Phraya, Irrawaddy River, Amu Darya, Syr Darya, Tarim River and Yellow River, rise in the Himalayas, and their combined drainage basin is home to some 3 billion people (almost half of Earth's population) in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, People's Republic of China, India, Nepal, Burma, Cambodia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia and Pakistan.Principle Himalayan Rivers:-
The Ganges:- Ganges, the most pious Indian river rises in the western Himalayas, in Uttaranchal state. The 2510 km long Ganga river originates from Gangotri near Devprayag. It is one of the major river of India that flows in the east direction from the Gangetic plain of Northern India and later on enters into the Bangladesh through Sunderban delta and drains out into Bay of Bengal. The depth of the Ganges river varies from place to place. The maximum depth is of 100 feet and the average depth is of 52 feet. Most of the northern Indian cities are established on the bank of this mighty river such as Haridwar, Rishikesh, Allahabad, Kashi and Varanasi etc.
Brahmaputra River :- The Brahmaputra which literally means the “son of Lord Brahma” originates from the slopes of Kailash in western Tibet near the vicinity of the holy lake of Mansarovar. It enters into India through the North eastern state of Arunachal Pradesh after traversing across the high-altitude Tibetan plateau as Tsangpo river. In Auranchal Pradesh, it enters by the name of Dihong but later on it meets with Dibang and Lohit river just beyond Pasighat, and finally emerged as Brahmaputra river. In Assam, it flows in the southwest direction and enters into Bangladesh as Jamuna river. Here, it meets with the Ganges river and again splits as Hugli and Padma river. When it merges with the Ganges river it forms the world's largest delta as Sunderbans. The average depth of Brahmaputra river is 124 feet and its maximum depth is 380 feet. The 1800miles long route of Brahmaputra is the main source of irrigation and transportation in India.
Indus river:- This is another principle river that originates form the north of Lake Mansarovar, in the Tibetan plateau. It flows through the Ladakh district of Indian state Jammu and Kashmir before entering to Pakistan. It is regraded as the lifeline of Pakistan. It merges into the Arabian sea near Karachi, the Port city of Pakistan. The total length of Indus river is 3,180 kilometres (1,976 miles) and together with Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, Sutlej and extinct Saraswati river, Indus creates Sapta Sindhu delta in Pakistan's Sindh province. The water level of this river diminishes in winter but increases during the monsoon time from July to September.
Secondary Himalayan Rivers:-
Jhelum river:- This river is one of the tributary of the Indus river and flows partly in India and partly in Pakistan. A spring at Verinag that is located at the foot of the Pir Panjal in the South eastern part of the Kashmir valley is the origin of the Jhelum river. In India, it flows through Srinagar and the Wular lake before entering into the Punjab province of Pakistan. It travels a route of 480 miles.
Chenab river:- Chenab river is the largest river in Himachal Pradesh in terms of volume of water and flows here for 122km. It is formed at Tandi at a height of 2,286 m due to the assemblage of Chandra and Bhaga rivers. Tandi is nestled in the Upper Himalayas of Lahaul- Spiti district of Himachal Pradesh. At its initial stage, Chenab is also called as Chandra Bhaga. Although, Chenab originates in Himachal Pradesh, it also flows through the Jammu valley of Jammu and Kashmir and plains of Punjab before entering into Pakistan. Chenab river has a total length of 960 km, out of which 7,500 sq. km of catchment area lies in Himachal Pradesh. It meets some other Himalayan rivers during its journey such as Jhelum, Ravi, Sutlej and Beas.
Ravi river:-Flowing through both India and Pakistan, river Ravi originates at Chamba district in Himachal Pradesh. At its starting phase, it flows through north-west direction and changes to south-west near Dalhousie after than it enters to the plains of Punjab state near Pathankot. After entering to Pakistan, it joins to the Chenab river. It has a total length of 720 km. The famous city of Pakistan, Lahore is located on the eastern bank of Ravi river.
Beas river:- River Beas starts its journey at the Rohtang pass in Himachal Pradesh and flows for 470km before merging with Sutlej river at Harike Pattan, in the Ferozpur district of Punjab in India. After than, it enters into Pakistan and falls into the Arabian sea. Beas river travels a total length of 460 km out of which 256 km in Himachal Pradesh only. Manali, one of the picturesque hill station of northern India situated on the right side of this river.
Satluj river:- Satluj river, often known as the Red river, is the longest river among the five rivers that flows through Punjab and Pakistan. It originates from the Lake Rakshastal in Tibet near Mount Kailas. It flows in west and south-west direction and enters into India through the Shipki La pass in Himachal Pradesh. It travels a route of 320km in Himachal Pradesh. Its tributaries are the Spiti, the Ropa, the Taiti, the Kashang, the Mulgaon, the Yula, the Wanger, the Throng and the Rupi as right bank tributaries, whereas the Tirung, the Gayathing, the Baspa, the Duling and the Soldang are left bank tributaries. It enters to Punjab state at Bhakhra where the famous Bhakhra dam is created. After entering to Pakistan it merges with the Indus river. The total length of Satluj river is 1,448km.
Yamuna river:- This is the major tributary river of Ganges. It originates from Yamunotri in the lap of Himalayas in Uttaranchal state. Yamuna river flows in a southerly direction through the Himalayan foothills. With a total length of 1, 370 km, it flows through Delhi, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh before mixing with the river Ganges at Allahabad. The major tributaries of Yamuna river are Tons, Chambal, Betwa and Kon. One of the finest monument of Mughal era, the Taj Mahal is located on the bank of River Yamuna.
Highest mountain peak in HimalyaMount Everest
Mount Everest is the highest peak in the world. It rises to a height of 8,850m (29,035) above sea level. It is one of the mountains in the Himalayan range. Covering the frontiers of Tibet and Nepal, north of India. The mountain is named after Sir George Everest, who was a British surveyor-general of India. It is known by different names in different regions like Sagarmatha in Nepal and Quomolongma in Tibet. The latitude of Mount Everest is 27 59 17 N and Longitude is 86 55 31 E. In Sanskrit Himalayas mean, "abode of snow". The mountain is totally covered with snow. The height of the mountain varies depending on the amount of snowfall on its peak.
Karakoram
K2 is also known as Austin Godwin, named after an English photographer who explored the region. Locally it is known as "Chogo Ri", meaning "The Great Mountain". It is the second highest mountain peak in the world with a height of 8,611m or 28,250ft.
Kanchenjunga
Kanchenjunga is the third highest mountain peak of the world. It covers around 7000 sq km on the Sikkim and Nepal border. The word Kanchenjunga means "The Five Treasures of the Snow" in the local language, referring to its five summits, which are all over 8,000 meters. It is located at Latitude 27° 42' 9'' and Longitude 88° 9' 1 '. Kanchenjunga has an altitude of 8, 586m or 28, 169 feet, making it the world's third highest peak. It has five peaks of which the highest peak is 8,586m or 28,169 feet. It has still remained unexplored in spite of several attempts. According to Sir John Hunt, who climbed the peak of Everest with Sir edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norkey, has said Kanchenjunga is a more dangerous and hard to explore, than the Mount Everest itself. It is also known by different names like "Kachendzonga", "Kangchen Dzö-nga", and "Kangchanfanga".
Nanga Parbat
Nanga Parbat or naked mountain is another important peak of the Himalayan range. According to sources it is the ninth highest mountain in the world. It is located in regions of Baldistan, Korakoram Range, Gilgit, Pakistan. Nanga Parbat has a height of 8,126m or 26,660 ft. The mountain has such sharp edges that it cannot hold much of snow. That's the reason the mountain peaks have an unclad appearance. It has three faces, the Rahikot, Diamir and rupal. It is considered a very dangerous mountain because of the tragedies, which took place earlier. It is located at Longitude 74.35 and Latitude 35.10.
Annapurna
Among the other famous peaks of the Himalayas the Annapurna range is a very important Himalayan range. It is located in central Nepal Himalayas with an altitude of 8,091m. It ranks 10th highest mountain in the world. The Annapurna range stretches from west to east consisting of the following major peaks of the range:
Annapurna South Face: altitude: 7,219m,
Gang: altitude: 7,647m,
Gangapurna: altitude: 7,455m,
Annapurna III: altitude: 7,555m,
Annapurna IV: altitude: 7,525m and
Annapurna II: altitude: 7,937m.
Annapurna I altitude: 8,091 m.
It is located to the east of a great gorge that cuts through the Himalayas by the Kali Gandaki river, on its western and northwestern slopes it has glaciers, which drain into this gorge. Annapurna has many high peaks but the two highest peaks are Annapurna I and Annapurna II, at the western and eastern ends.
Manaslu
Manaslu, is located in Nepal about forty miles east of Annapurna with an altitude of 8,156m. It is the 8th highest mountain in the world. Manaslu is the highest peak of the Gurkha plateau. The name Manaslu is taken from a Sanskrit word "Manasa" which means "Mountain of the Spirit". It is located at longitude 84.33 and latitude 28.33. Other than the Manaslu the other high peaks of the Gurkha plateau are as follows:
Manaslu North altitude: 7,154 m.
Dakura altitude: 7,837 m.
Himal Chuli altitude: 7,864 m.
Manaslu East altitude: 7,894 m.
Dhaulagiri Mountain
It is located in the Eastern Nepal, Nepal and Tibet border with an altitude of 8,201m, is the 7th highest mountain in the world. Dhaulagiri means "white mountain". It is the highest mountain located entirely within Nepal. The peak stretches for 30 miles consisting of sharp ridges, icefalls, and glaciers. Along the main peak, several other pyramid-shaped peaks rise. Four of these peaks, from east to west, rise above 25,000 feet. It is located at longitude 83.30 and latitude 28.42.
Lhotse
Lhotse is the fourth highest peak in the Himalayan range. It is located in the China and Nepal border with an altitude of 8,516m. The peak stretches from east to west, which is located south of Mount Everest. South Col, a vertical ridge connects the peaks of the two mountains, which is never below 8, 000m. Other than the main peak of the Lhotse there are two other peaks like Lhotse Shar, which is located east of the main peak, and Nuptse, which is on the mountain's west ridge. It is located at longitude 86.56.03 and latitude 27.57.45.
Wednesday, January 5, 2011
Top Ten countries in the world in population
China
India
United States
Idonesia
Brazil
Pakistan
Banbladesh
Nigeria
Russia
Japan
India
United States
Idonesia
Brazil
Pakistan
Banbladesh
Nigeria
Russia
Japan
Monday, December 27, 2010
Capitals of states of India
Andaman and Nicobar Islands Port Blair
Andhra Pradesh Hyderabad Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar
Assam Dispur
Bihar Patna Patna Patna
Chattisgarh Raipur Raipur
Dadra and Nagar Haveli Silvassa
Goa Panaji—
Gujarat Gandhinagar
Haryana Chandigarh
Himachal Pradesh Shimla
• Jammu Srinagar
Jharkhand Ranchi
Karnataka Bengaluru
Kerala Thiruvananthapuram
Lakshadweep Kavaratti
Madhya Pradesh Bhopal
]Maharastra Mumbai
Manipur Imphal
Meghalaya Shillong
Mizoram Aizawl
Nagaland Kohima
Orissa Bhubaneswar
Pondicherry Pondicherry
Punjab Chandigarh
Himanchal Pradesh Shimla
Rajasthan Jaipur
Sikkim Gangtok
Tamil Nadu Chennai
Tripura Agartala
Uttar Pradesh Lucknow
Uttarakhand Dehradun[
West Bengal Kolkata
Andhra Pradesh Hyderabad Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar
Assam Dispur
Bihar Patna Patna Patna
Chattisgarh Raipur Raipur
Dadra and Nagar Haveli Silvassa
Goa Panaji—
Gujarat Gandhinagar
Haryana Chandigarh
Himachal Pradesh Shimla
• Jammu Srinagar
Jharkhand Ranchi
Karnataka Bengaluru
Kerala Thiruvananthapuram
Lakshadweep Kavaratti
Madhya Pradesh Bhopal
]Maharastra Mumbai
Manipur Imphal
Meghalaya Shillong
Mizoram Aizawl
Nagaland Kohima
Orissa Bhubaneswar
Pondicherry Pondicherry
Punjab Chandigarh
Himanchal Pradesh Shimla
Rajasthan Jaipur
Sikkim Gangtok
Tamil Nadu Chennai
Tripura Agartala
Uttar Pradesh Lucknow
Uttarakhand Dehradun[
West Bengal Kolkata
Monday, December 20, 2010
Rivers of the world
The Nile is the longest river in the world. It is about 4,135 miles (6,650 km) in length and flows in a northward direction to where it finally drains into the Mediterranean Sea. It passes through ten countries on the continent of Africa, where it has been a main source of water and life .The Nile has two main contributories, the White Nile and the Blue Nile.
The Amazon is approximately 3,980 miles (6,400km) in length and is the second longest river in the world. It passes though seven countries in South America and is actually the largest river in terms of volume and flow. In fact, it accounts for one-fifth of the world’s river flow. For these reasons scientist dispute that it should be considered the longest river in the world .
The Yangtze River (also called the Chang Jiang) is about 3,915 miles (6,380 km) in length and is the third longest river in the world. Because it is the largest river in its region it is important economically, historically and culturally. .
The Missouri-Mississippi River system at about 3,900 miles (6,300 km) in length, it is the fourth longest river in the world. Its average discharge of water makes it the tenth largest river in the world. It is the only river located in North America that made the top ten longest rivers list. Also, its name comes from an Ojibwe word meaning “Great River”. About 98.5 percent of this river is located within the United States, the rest resides in Canada.
The Yenisei is thought of as the greatest river system that flows in the Arctic Ocean and at 3,445 miles (5,539 km), is the fifth longest river in the world. It is in Russia and is mainly in the Siberian region. This river includes several hydro-electric dams that fuel a significant part of Russia’s primary industry.The Yellow River (also called the Huang He) is the second longest river in the People’s Republic of China and is the sixth longest in the world being about 3,010 miles (4,845 km) in length. In china it is known by both positive and negative nicknames. The positive one being “the cradle of China” because it is the birthplace of northern Chinese civilization and the negative one being “China’s sorrow” because of the flooding that occurs that causes a large amount of damage.
The Ob-Irtysh river system makes up the seventh largest river in the world. The Irtysh is a tributary of the Ob and is actually longer than the Ob. These rivers are located in Siberia and together are about 3,364 miles (5,410 km) in length. They form a major basin in Asia, encompassing most of Western Siberia and the Altay Mountains.The Congo River (also called the Zaire River) is the second largest river in Africa and the eight largest in the world. It is about 2,922 miles (4,700 km) long. It has both the second largest flow and the second larges draining basin in the world, only following the Amazon. The Congo has its name because of the Kingdom of Kongo that inhabited the area at the mouth of the river in ancient times. It is known as the Zaire River only because between 1971 and 1997he area was known as Zaire and the government called it the Zaire River until the country be came the Republic of Congo.The Amur River (also called the Heilong Jiang) is the world’s ninth longest river and is also the border between the Russian Far East and Northeastern China. This River flows across northeast Asia to the Strait of Tartary, where it finally drains into the Pacific Ocean. It was has been called the” Black River” because it was sacred to the Manchu and the Qing Dynasty and it is also a symbol of Russian-Chinese relations.
The Lena River is Russia’s greatest river and being approximately 2,800 miles (4,400 km), it also the world’s tenth longest river. This river has seven different tributary rivers that join with it and they are the Kirenga River, the Olyokyma River, the Vitim River, the Amga River, the Aldan River, the Vilyuy River and the Maya River. It has the unique distinction of the River who appears to be the largest river in the world when looked at with a Mercator projection.
The Amazon is approximately 3,980 miles (6,400km) in length and is the second longest river in the world. It passes though seven countries in South America and is actually the largest river in terms of volume and flow. In fact, it accounts for one-fifth of the world’s river flow. For these reasons scientist dispute that it should be considered the longest river in the world .
The Yangtze River (also called the Chang Jiang) is about 3,915 miles (6,380 km) in length and is the third longest river in the world. Because it is the largest river in its region it is important economically, historically and culturally. .
The Missouri-Mississippi River system at about 3,900 miles (6,300 km) in length, it is the fourth longest river in the world. Its average discharge of water makes it the tenth largest river in the world. It is the only river located in North America that made the top ten longest rivers list. Also, its name comes from an Ojibwe word meaning “Great River”. About 98.5 percent of this river is located within the United States, the rest resides in Canada.
The Yenisei is thought of as the greatest river system that flows in the Arctic Ocean and at 3,445 miles (5,539 km), is the fifth longest river in the world. It is in Russia and is mainly in the Siberian region. This river includes several hydro-electric dams that fuel a significant part of Russia’s primary industry.The Yellow River (also called the Huang He) is the second longest river in the People’s Republic of China and is the sixth longest in the world being about 3,010 miles (4,845 km) in length. In china it is known by both positive and negative nicknames. The positive one being “the cradle of China” because it is the birthplace of northern Chinese civilization and the negative one being “China’s sorrow” because of the flooding that occurs that causes a large amount of damage.
The Ob-Irtysh river system makes up the seventh largest river in the world. The Irtysh is a tributary of the Ob and is actually longer than the Ob. These rivers are located in Siberia and together are about 3,364 miles (5,410 km) in length. They form a major basin in Asia, encompassing most of Western Siberia and the Altay Mountains.The Congo River (also called the Zaire River) is the second largest river in Africa and the eight largest in the world. It is about 2,922 miles (4,700 km) long. It has both the second largest flow and the second larges draining basin in the world, only following the Amazon. The Congo has its name because of the Kingdom of Kongo that inhabited the area at the mouth of the river in ancient times. It is known as the Zaire River only because between 1971 and 1997he area was known as Zaire and the government called it the Zaire River until the country be came the Republic of Congo.The Amur River (also called the Heilong Jiang) is the world’s ninth longest river and is also the border between the Russian Far East and Northeastern China. This River flows across northeast Asia to the Strait of Tartary, where it finally drains into the Pacific Ocean. It was has been called the” Black River” because it was sacred to the Manchu and the Qing Dynasty and it is also a symbol of Russian-Chinese relations.
The Lena River is Russia’s greatest river and being approximately 2,800 miles (4,400 km), it also the world’s tenth longest river. This river has seven different tributary rivers that join with it and they are the Kirenga River, the Olyokyma River, the Vitim River, the Amga River, the Aldan River, the Vilyuy River and the Maya River. It has the unique distinction of the River who appears to be the largest river in the world when looked at with a Mercator projection.
President of U.S.
18th Century1. George Washington 2. John Adams
19th Century
3. Thomas Jefferson 15. James Buchanan
4. James Madison 16. Abraham Lincoln
5. James Monroe 17. Andrew Johnson
6. John Quincy Adams 18. Ulysses S. Grant
7. Andrew Jackson 19. Rutherford B. Hayes
8. Martin Van Buren 20. James Garfield
9. William Henry Harrison 21. Chester A. Arthur
10. John Tyler 22. Grover Cleveland
11. James K. Polk 23. Benjamin Harrison
12. Zachary Taylor 24. Grover Cleveland
13. Millard Fillmore 25. William McKinley
14. Franklin Pierce
20th Century26. Theodore Roosevelt 35. John F. Kennedy
27. William Howard Taft 36. Lyndon B. Johnson
28. Woodrow Wilson 37. Richard M. Nixon
29. Warren G. Harding 38. Gerald R. Ford
30. Calvin Coolidge 39. James Carter
31. Herbert Hoover 40. Ronald Reagan
32. Franklin D. Roosevelt 41. George H. W. Bush
33. Harry S. Truman 42. William J. Clinton
34. Dwight D. Eisenhower
21st Century43. George W. Bush 44. Barack Obama
19th Century
3. Thomas Jefferson 15. James Buchanan
4. James Madison 16. Abraham Lincoln
5. James Monroe 17. Andrew Johnson
6. John Quincy Adams 18. Ulysses S. Grant
7. Andrew Jackson 19. Rutherford B. Hayes
8. Martin Van Buren 20. James Garfield
9. William Henry Harrison 21. Chester A. Arthur
10. John Tyler 22. Grover Cleveland
11. James K. Polk 23. Benjamin Harrison
12. Zachary Taylor 24. Grover Cleveland
13. Millard Fillmore 25. William McKinley
14. Franklin Pierce
20th Century26. Theodore Roosevelt 35. John F. Kennedy
27. William Howard Taft 36. Lyndon B. Johnson
28. Woodrow Wilson 37. Richard M. Nixon
29. Warren G. Harding 38. Gerald R. Ford
30. Calvin Coolidge 39. James Carter
31. Herbert Hoover 40. Ronald Reagan
32. Franklin D. Roosevelt 41. George H. W. Bush
33. Harry S. Truman 42. William J. Clinton
34. Dwight D. Eisenhower
21st Century43. George W. Bush 44. Barack Obama
Sunday, December 19, 2010
Speakers of Lok Sabha
1) Ganesh Mavalankar (1952-1956)
2) Madabhooshi Ananthasayanam Ayyangar (1956-1962)
3) Hukam Singh (1962-1967)
4) Neelam Sanjiva Reddy (1967-1969, 1977)
5) Gurdial Singh Dhillon (1969-1975)
6) Bali Ram Bhaghat (1976-1977)
7) Kawdoor Sadananda Hegde (1977-1980)
8) Balaram Jakhar (1980-1989)
9) Rabi Ray (1989-1991)
10) Shivraj Patil (1991-1996)
11) Purno Albert Sangma (1996-1998)
12) Ganti Mohana Chandra Balayogi (1998-2002)
13) Manohar Joshi (2002-2004)
14) Somnath Chatterjee (2004-2009)
15) Meira Kumar (2009- )
2) Madabhooshi Ananthasayanam Ayyangar (1956-1962)
3) Hukam Singh (1962-1967)
4) Neelam Sanjiva Reddy (1967-1969, 1977)
5) Gurdial Singh Dhillon (1969-1975)
6) Bali Ram Bhaghat (1976-1977)
7) Kawdoor Sadananda Hegde (1977-1980)
8) Balaram Jakhar (1980-1989)
9) Rabi Ray (1989-1991)
10) Shivraj Patil (1991-1996)
11) Purno Albert Sangma (1996-1998)
12) Ganti Mohana Chandra Balayogi (1998-2002)
13) Manohar Joshi (2002-2004)
14) Somnath Chatterjee (2004-2009)
15) Meira Kumar (2009- )
Prime Ministers of India
1) Jawaharlal Nehru (1947-1964)
2) Lal Bahadur Shastri (1964-1966)
3) Indira Gandhi (1966-1977, 1980-1984)
4) Morarji Desai (1977-1979)
5) Charan Singh (1979-1980)
6) Rajiv Gandhi (1984-1989)
7) Vishwanath Pratap Singh (1989-1990)
8) Chandra Shekhar (1990-1991)
9) Pamulaparti Venkata Narasimha Rao (1991-1996)
10) Atal Bihari Vajpayee (1996, 1998-2004)
11) Haradanahalli Doddegowda Deve Gowda (1996-1997)
12) Inder Kumar Gujral (1997-1998)
13) Manmohan Singh (2004- )
2) Lal Bahadur Shastri (1964-1966)
3) Indira Gandhi (1966-1977, 1980-1984)
4) Morarji Desai (1977-1979)
5) Charan Singh (1979-1980)
6) Rajiv Gandhi (1984-1989)
7) Vishwanath Pratap Singh (1989-1990)
8) Chandra Shekhar (1990-1991)
9) Pamulaparti Venkata Narasimha Rao (1991-1996)
10) Atal Bihari Vajpayee (1996, 1998-2004)
11) Haradanahalli Doddegowda Deve Gowda (1996-1997)
12) Inder Kumar Gujral (1997-1998)
13) Manmohan Singh (2004- )
Vice President of India
Vice Presidents of India
1) Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan (1952-1962)
2) Zakir Hussain (1962-1967)
3) Varahagiri Venkata Giri (1967-1969)
4) Gopal Swarup Pathak (1969-1974)
5) Basappa Danappa Jatti (1974-1979)
6) Mohammad Hidayatullah (1979-1984)
7) Ramaswamy Venkataraman (1984-1987)
8) Shankar Dayal Sharma (1987-1992)
9) Kocheril Raman Narayanan (1992-1997)
10) Krishan Kant (1997-2002)
11) Bhairon Singh Shekhawat (2002-2007)
12) Mohammad Hamid Ansari (2007- )
1) Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan (1952-1962)
2) Zakir Hussain (1962-1967)
3) Varahagiri Venkata Giri (1967-1969)
4) Gopal Swarup Pathak (1969-1974)
5) Basappa Danappa Jatti (1974-1979)
6) Mohammad Hidayatullah (1979-1984)
7) Ramaswamy Venkataraman (1984-1987)
8) Shankar Dayal Sharma (1987-1992)
9) Kocheril Raman Narayanan (1992-1997)
10) Krishan Kant (1997-2002)
11) Bhairon Singh Shekhawat (2002-2007)
12) Mohammad Hamid Ansari (2007- )
President of India
Presidents of India
1) Rajendra Prasad (1950-1962)
2) Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan (1962-1967)
3) Zakir Hussain (1967-1969)
4) Varahagiri Venkata Giri (1969-1974)
5) Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed (1974-1977)
6) Neelam Sanjiva Reddy (1977-1982)
7) Zail Singh (1982-1987)
8) Ramaswamy Venkataraman (1987-1992)
9) Shankar Dayal Sharma (1992-1997)
10) Kocheril Raman Narayanan (1997-2002)
11) Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam (2002-2007)
12) Pratibha Patil (2007- )
1) Rajendra Prasad (1950-1962)
2) Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan (1962-1967)
3) Zakir Hussain (1967-1969)
4) Varahagiri Venkata Giri (1969-1974)
5) Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed (1974-1977)
6) Neelam Sanjiva Reddy (1977-1982)
7) Zail Singh (1982-1987)
8) Ramaswamy Venkataraman (1987-1992)
9) Shankar Dayal Sharma (1992-1997)
10) Kocheril Raman Narayanan (1997-2002)
11) Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam (2002-2007)
12) Pratibha Patil (2007- )
Ministers in India
Prime Minister and also In-Charge of the Ministries/Departments viz:
Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances & Pensions;
Ministry of Planning;
Ministry of Water Resources;
Minister of Communications and Information Technology
Department of Atomic Energy; and
Department of Space Manmohan Singh
2. Minister of Finance Pranab Mukherjee
3. Minister of Agriculture and Minister of Consumer Affairs, Food & Public Distribution Sharad Pawar
4. Minister of Defence A.K. Antony
5. Minister of Home Affairs P. Chidambaram
6. Minister of Railways Ms. Mamata Banerjee
7. Minister of External Affairs S.M. Krishna
8. Minister of Steel Virbhadra Singh
9. Minister of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises Vilasrao Deshmukh
10. Minister of Health and Family Welfare Ghulam Nabi Azad
11. Minister of Power Sushil Kumar Shinde
12. Minister of Law and Justice M. Veerappa Moily
13. Minister of New and Renewable Energy Farooq Abdullah
14. Minister of Urban Development S. Jaipal Reddy
15. Minister of Road Transport and Highways Kamal Nath
16. Minister of Overseas Indian Affairs Vayalar Ravi
17. Minister of Textiles Dayanidhi Maran
18. Minister of Communications and Information Technology Kapil Sibal (Additional Charge)
19. Minister of Petroleum and Natural Gas Murli Deora
20. Minister of Information and Broadcasting Mrs. Ambika Soni
21. Minister of Labour and Employment Mallikarjun Kharge
22. Minister of Human Resource Development
Ministry of Science and Technology
Ministry of Earth Science Kapil Sibal
23. Minister of Mines and Minister of Development of North
Eastern Region B.K. Handique
24. Minister of Commerce and Industry Anand Sharma
25. Minister of Rural Development and Minister of Panchayati Raj C.P. Joshi
26. Minister of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation and
Minister of Tourism Kum. Selja
27. Minister of Food Processing Industries Subodh Kant Sahay
28. Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports M.S. Gill
29. Minister of Shipping G.K. Vasan
30. Minister of Parliamentary Affairs Pawan K. Bansal
31. Minister of Social Justice and Empowerment Mukul Wasnik
32. Minister of Tribal Affairs Kantilal Bhuria
33. Minister of Chemicals and
Fertilizers M.K. Alagiri
Ministers of State with Independent Charge
No. Portfolio Name of Minister
1. Ministry Civil
Aviation Praful Patel
2. Ministry of
Coal and Ministry of Statistics
and Programme Implementation Sriprakash Jaiswal
3. Ministry of
Corporate Affairs and Ministry
of Minority Affairs Salman Khursheed
4. Ministry of
Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Dinsha J. Patel
5. Ministry of
Women and Child Development Mrs. Krishna Tirath
6. Ministry of
Environment and Forests Jairam Ramesh
Ministers of State
No. Portfolio Name of Minister
1. Ministry of Chemicals and
Fertilizers Srikant
Jena
2. Ministry of Railways E. Ahamed
3. Ministry of Home Affairs Mullappally Ramachandran
4. Ministry of Planning and Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs V. Narayansamy
5. Ministry of Commerce and Industry JyotiradityaScindia
6. Ministry of Human Resource
Development Mrs. D. Purandeswari
7. Ministry of Railways K.H. Muniyappa
8. Ministry of Home Affairs Ajay Maken
9. Ministry of Textiles Mrs. Panabaka Lakshmi
10. Ministry of Finance Namo Narain Meena
11. Ministry of Defence M.M. Pallam Raju
12. Ministry of Urban Development Saugata Ray
13. Ministry of Finance S.S. Palanimanickam
14. Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas Jitin Prasad
15. Ministry of Steel A. Sai Prathap
16. Ministry of External Affairs Mrs. Preneet Kaur
17. Ministry of Communications and Information Technology Gurdas Kamat
18. Ministry of Labour and Employment Harish Rawat
19. Ministry of Agriculture and Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food & Public Distribution Professor
K.V. Thomas
20. Ministry of Power Bharatsinh Solanki
21. Ministry of Road Transport and
Highways Mahadev S. Khandela
22. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Dinesh Trivedi
23. Ministry of Rural Development Sisir Adhikari
24. Ministry of Tourism Sultan Ahmed
25. Ministry of Shipping Mukul Roy
26. Ministry of Information and Broadcasting Mohan Jatua
27. Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment D. Napoleon
28. Ministry of Information and Broadcasting S. Jagathrakshakan
29. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare S. Gandhiselvan
30. Ministry of Tribal Affairs Tusharbhai Chaudhary
31. Ministry of Communications and Information Technology Sachin Pilot
32. Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises Arun Yadav
33 Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports Pratik Prakashbapu Patil
34. Ministry of Road Transport and Highways R.P.N. Singh
35. Ministry of Water Resources Vincent Pala
36. Ministry of Rural Development Pradeep Jain
37. Ministry of Rural Development Agatha Sangma
Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances & Pensions;
Ministry of Planning;
Ministry of Water Resources;
Minister of Communications and Information Technology
Department of Atomic Energy; and
Department of Space Manmohan Singh
2. Minister of Finance Pranab Mukherjee
3. Minister of Agriculture and Minister of Consumer Affairs, Food & Public Distribution Sharad Pawar
4. Minister of Defence A.K. Antony
5. Minister of Home Affairs P. Chidambaram
6. Minister of Railways Ms. Mamata Banerjee
7. Minister of External Affairs S.M. Krishna
8. Minister of Steel Virbhadra Singh
9. Minister of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises Vilasrao Deshmukh
10. Minister of Health and Family Welfare Ghulam Nabi Azad
11. Minister of Power Sushil Kumar Shinde
12. Minister of Law and Justice M. Veerappa Moily
13. Minister of New and Renewable Energy Farooq Abdullah
14. Minister of Urban Development S. Jaipal Reddy
15. Minister of Road Transport and Highways Kamal Nath
16. Minister of Overseas Indian Affairs Vayalar Ravi
17. Minister of Textiles Dayanidhi Maran
18. Minister of Communications and Information Technology Kapil Sibal (Additional Charge)
19. Minister of Petroleum and Natural Gas Murli Deora
20. Minister of Information and Broadcasting Mrs. Ambika Soni
21. Minister of Labour and Employment Mallikarjun Kharge
22. Minister of Human Resource Development
Ministry of Science and Technology
Ministry of Earth Science Kapil Sibal
23. Minister of Mines and Minister of Development of North
Eastern Region B.K. Handique
24. Minister of Commerce and Industry Anand Sharma
25. Minister of Rural Development and Minister of Panchayati Raj C.P. Joshi
26. Minister of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation and
Minister of Tourism Kum. Selja
27. Minister of Food Processing Industries Subodh Kant Sahay
28. Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports M.S. Gill
29. Minister of Shipping G.K. Vasan
30. Minister of Parliamentary Affairs Pawan K. Bansal
31. Minister of Social Justice and Empowerment Mukul Wasnik
32. Minister of Tribal Affairs Kantilal Bhuria
33. Minister of Chemicals and
Fertilizers M.K. Alagiri
Ministers of State with Independent Charge
No. Portfolio Name of Minister
1. Ministry Civil
Aviation Praful Patel
2. Ministry of
Coal and Ministry of Statistics
and Programme Implementation Sriprakash Jaiswal
3. Ministry of
Corporate Affairs and Ministry
of Minority Affairs Salman Khursheed
4. Ministry of
Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Dinsha J. Patel
5. Ministry of
Women and Child Development Mrs. Krishna Tirath
6. Ministry of
Environment and Forests Jairam Ramesh
Ministers of State
No. Portfolio Name of Minister
1. Ministry of Chemicals and
Fertilizers Srikant
Jena
2. Ministry of Railways E. Ahamed
3. Ministry of Home Affairs Mullappally Ramachandran
4. Ministry of Planning and Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs V. Narayansamy
5. Ministry of Commerce and Industry JyotiradityaScindia
6. Ministry of Human Resource
Development Mrs. D. Purandeswari
7. Ministry of Railways K.H. Muniyappa
8. Ministry of Home Affairs Ajay Maken
9. Ministry of Textiles Mrs. Panabaka Lakshmi
10. Ministry of Finance Namo Narain Meena
11. Ministry of Defence M.M. Pallam Raju
12. Ministry of Urban Development Saugata Ray
13. Ministry of Finance S.S. Palanimanickam
14. Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas Jitin Prasad
15. Ministry of Steel A. Sai Prathap
16. Ministry of External Affairs Mrs. Preneet Kaur
17. Ministry of Communications and Information Technology Gurdas Kamat
18. Ministry of Labour and Employment Harish Rawat
19. Ministry of Agriculture and Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food & Public Distribution Professor
K.V. Thomas
20. Ministry of Power Bharatsinh Solanki
21. Ministry of Road Transport and
Highways Mahadev S. Khandela
22. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Dinesh Trivedi
23. Ministry of Rural Development Sisir Adhikari
24. Ministry of Tourism Sultan Ahmed
25. Ministry of Shipping Mukul Roy
26. Ministry of Information and Broadcasting Mohan Jatua
27. Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment D. Napoleon
28. Ministry of Information and Broadcasting S. Jagathrakshakan
29. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare S. Gandhiselvan
30. Ministry of Tribal Affairs Tusharbhai Chaudhary
31. Ministry of Communications and Information Technology Sachin Pilot
32. Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises Arun Yadav
33 Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports Pratik Prakashbapu Patil
34. Ministry of Road Transport and Highways R.P.N. Singh
35. Ministry of Water Resources Vincent Pala
36. Ministry of Rural Development Pradeep Jain
37. Ministry of Rural Development Agatha Sangma
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